Why Indian Technical University Students Focus on Job Security and the Need to Shift Towards Skill and Knowledge Development
Introduction
In India, job security holds a significant place in the collective mindset of students and their families, especially among those studying at technical universities. This emphasis on stable employment is deeply rooted in cultural, economic, and social factors that have shaped the nation’s approach to education and career planning. However, in a rapidly changing global economy, there is an increasing need to shift focus from job security to developing skills and acquiring knowledge. This blog delves into the reasons behind this cultural focus on job security among Indian technical university students, exploring historical contexts, societal expectations, and the evolving landscape of Indian employment, while advocating for a shift towards skill and knowledge development.
Historical Context
- Economic Uncertainty:
- Example: Before the economic liberalization of the 1990s, India had a more closed economy with fewer opportunities. Families who experienced the economic hardships of that era prioritize stable jobs to ensure financial security for future generations. For instance, a family that struggled financially during the 1970s and 1980s may emphasize the importance of securing a government job for their children to avoid similar hardships.
- Government Jobs as a Benchmark:
- Example: Historically, government jobs have been seen as the epitome of job security in India. These positions come with benefits such as pensions, job stability, and social status, making them highly desirable. For example, securing a job in the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) or the Indian Police Service (IPS) is considered one of the most stable and prestigious career options.
Societal Expectations
- Family Pressure:
- Example: Indian families often have a significant influence on career choices. A student at Anna University might choose engineering over a personal interest in the arts due to family expectations for a stable and respectable career. This familial pressure ensures that students pursue paths perceived as secure and financially rewarding. This pressure can sometimes lead students to opt for fields like engineering or medicine, regardless of their personal interests or aptitudes.
- Marriage Prospects:
- Example: In many parts of India, a stable job enhances marriage prospects. A young professional working at a reputable company like Infosys or TCS might be considered more eligible for marriage, influencing career choices towards secure employment. Families often look for partners who have stable and well-paying jobs to ensure financial stability in their children’s marriages.
Economic Factors
- Lack of Social Safety Nets:
- Example: Unlike many Western countries, India lacks extensive social safety nets like unemployment benefits or robust public healthcare. A stable job with benefits like health insurance becomes crucial for financial security. Employees in public sector undertakings (PSUs) such as ONGC or BHEL often enjoy comprehensive health and retirement benefits, making these jobs highly coveted.
- High Competition:
- Example: With a large population and intense competition for limited job opportunities, securing stable employment is a priority. Students at institutions like IITs and NITs often face immense pressure to secure top jobs in multinational corporations to ensure a stable future. The competitive nature of the job market means that securing a stable job is seen as a significant achievement and a safeguard against economic uncertainty.
Educational System
- Examination-Oriented:
- Example: The Indian education system heavily emphasizes examination results, which leads students to focus on scoring high marks to secure admissions in prestigious colleges and, subsequently, secure jobs. A student at Delhi Technological University (DTU) might prioritize exam preparation over practical learning to secure a high-ranking job post-graduation. The system rewards rote learning and high exam scores, often at the expense of practical skills and creativity.
- Limited Focus on Entrepreneurship:
- Example: Unlike the USA, where universities like Stanford encourage entrepreneurship, Indian educational institutions often focus more on traditional career paths. Students might choose stable jobs over starting their own businesses due to the perceived risks and lack of institutional support. For example, while Silicon Valley thrives on startup culture, Indian students might prefer the security of a job at a multinational company like Google or Microsoft over launching a startup.
Cultural Values
- Collective Responsibility:
- Example: In Indian culture, individuals often bear a collective responsibility for their families. A stable job ensures that they can support their parents, siblings, and even extended family members. A software engineer at Infosys might contribute a portion of their salary to support their family’s needs, reflecting this cultural value. This collective mindset prioritizes job security to ensure that family obligations can be met.
- Long-Term Security:
- Example: Cultural values emphasize long-term stability over short-term gains. A student might prefer a secure job in a public sector company over a higher-paying but unstable position in a startup, prioritizing long-term financial security. The preference for stability and predictability is deeply ingrained in the cultural fabric, often leading individuals to opt for careers that promise long-term benefits.
Evolving Trends
- Rise of the Gig Economy:
- Example: While job security remains important, there is a growing acceptance of gig and freelance work among younger generations. Platforms like Upwork and Fiverr are seeing increased participation from Indian professionals seeking flexibility and diverse income streams. For instance, a graphic designer might choose to freelance on Upwork, enjoying the freedom to work on various projects while earning a competitive income.
- Start-Up Culture:
- Example: Cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad are becoming hubs for startups, with young professionals increasingly willing to take risks for innovative ventures. The success stories of companies like Flipkart and Ola are inspiring a shift towards entrepreneurial endeavors. This evolving trend indicates a gradual shift from traditional job security to embracing innovation and entrepreneurship.
Why Job Security Over Skills?
- Immediate Financial Needs:
- Example: In many Indian families, there is an immediate need for financial stability due to economic pressures. Students might prioritize job security over skill development to start earning quickly and support their families. A recent graduate from NIT might choose a stable job at a bank over further studies or skill development to begin contributing financially.
- Cultural Emphasis on Stability:
- Example: The cultural emphasis on stability means that families and society often value secure jobs more than the pursuit of skills or passion. A student might opt for a government job over a career in a less stable but personally fulfilling field like the arts or sports. This cultural emphasis can sometimes stifle individual aspirations in favor of conventional and secure career paths.
- Risk Aversion:
- Example: The Indian mindset tends to be risk-averse, preferring the known and secure over the uncertain. A student at a prestigious institute might choose a predictable career path in engineering or medicine rather than pursuing a less certain career in a creative field. This risk aversion is often a response to economic and social uncertainties, leading to a preference for stability.
- Education System:
- Example: The Indian education system, with its focus on examinations and theoretical knowledge, does not always encourage practical skills or creativity. A student might excel in exams and secure a stable job but lack practical skills relevant to the industry. This education system often produces graduates who are well-prepared for conventional roles but may not be as skilled in innovative or entrepreneurial endeavors.
The Need to Shift Towards Skill and Knowledge Development
- Global Competitiveness:
- Example: In the global job market, skills and knowledge are increasingly valued over mere job titles. Indian students need to develop skills that are relevant and competitive internationally. For instance, a software developer with expertise in artificial intelligence and machine learning from IIT could compete globally, opening doors to opportunities beyond traditional job markets.
- Innovation and Entrepreneurship:
- Example: Encouraging a focus on skills and knowledge can foster innovation and entrepreneurship. Students who develop practical skills and creative thinking are more likely to start successful businesses. An IIT Bombay graduate who starts a tech startup can create jobs and drive economic growth, contributing to a more dynamic economy.
- Adaptability in a Changing Job Market:
- Example: The job market is constantly evolving with new technologies and industries emerging. Skills in areas such as data science, cybersecurity, and renewable energy are becoming increasingly important. A focus on skill development ensures that students remain adaptable and relevant in their careers. For instance, a student who learns data science and machine learning can easily transition to various roles in tech, finance, or healthcare.
- Enhanced Career Satisfaction:
- Example: Pursuing skills and knowledge that align with personal interests can lead to greater career satisfaction. A student passionate about renewable energy who acquires the relevant skills can find fulfilling work in sustainable energy projects, contributing to personal and professional growth.
- Long-Term Career Growth:
- Example: Skills and continuous learning are key to long-term career growth. Professionals who invest in skill development can advance in their careers and achieve higher positions. An engineer who continuously updates their skills in the latest technologies can move up to leadership roles within their organization.
Conclusion
The focus on job security in Indian culture, particularly among technical university students, is multifaceted, stemming from historical, societal, economic, educational, and cultural factors. While traditional values continue to emphasize stable employment, the rapidly changing global economy necessitates a shift towards skill and knowledge development. Embracing this shift can lead to greater innovation, global competitiveness, career satisfaction, and long-term career growth. Understanding these underlying reasons helps to appreciate the diverse perspectives within India’s workforce and the ongoing changes in its employment landscape. The challenge moving forward will be to balance the cultural emphasis on job security with the need for skill development and innovation in a rapidly changing global economy.
